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In this paper a model that analyzes the interaction between changes in commodity export prices, money creation, inflation, and the real exchange rate in a developing country is developed. The model is then tested using data for Colombia. A number of experts have argued that the fluctuations of Colombia's real exchange rate have been mainly determined by world coffee price changes, with more observers emphasizing the consequences of coffee price changes on money creation and inflation. The results obtained indicate that coffee price changes have indeed been closely related to money creation and inflation. Also, coffee price changes have been negatively related to the rate of devaluation of the crawling peg. These results indicate that in Colombia, the real appreciation resulting from coffee price increases has been accommodated, partially by money creation and partially by an adjustment in the nominal exchange rate.
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This paper highlights that there have been increasing signs of hesitancy in the pace of world economic expansion in the first half of 1985. In the United States, output growth declined to an average of 1 percent (at an annual rate) in the first two quarters of the year from 5.7 percent during 1984, and in other industrial countries, the pace of recovery was also generally subdued. Commodity prices fell significantly, thus weakening growth prospects in many developing countries.
Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- Energy: General --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Price Level --- Deflation --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Oil --- Imports --- Interest payments --- Current account balance --- International trade --- Commodities --- External debt --- Balance of payments --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Prices --- United States
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International finance --- Investeringen [Buitenlandse ] --- Investissements étrangers --- Investments [Foreign ] --- Investments, Foreign --- -Investments, Foreign --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments
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Investments, Foreign --- 339.113 --- 339.312.0 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Buitenlandse investeringen --- Investeringen: algemeenheden
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This paper highlights that the performance of the world economy in 1984 turned out to be considerably better than had been expected at the beginning of the year. Output grew robustly in the industrial countries, especially in the United States and Japan; inflation continued to decline; and developing countries saw a noteworthy improvement both in their balance-of-payments position and in their domestic growth performance. Fears that the debt situation might deteriorate did not materialize.
Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Commodity Markets --- Energy: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Oil --- Commodity prices --- Real interest rates --- Oil prices --- Commodities --- Financial services --- Oil consumption --- National accounts --- Exports --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Interest rates --- Balance of payments --- Consumption --- Economics --- United States
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This paper highlights that international flows of capital can promote global economic efficiency and can allow countries with balance-of-payments deficits to strike the right balance between reducing their deficits and financing them. The IMF's evolution into an effective international organization is largely attributable to its ability to adapt its activities, policies, policymaking bodies, procedures, and even its Articles in response to changing circumstances. The growth of developed and developing countries is closely linked, but better policy coordination and financial intermediation are needed.
Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Education: General --- Nonprofit Institutions --- NGOs --- Social Entrepreneurship --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary economics --- Civil service & public sector --- Education --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Exports --- Public enterprises --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Prices --- Job training --- Banks and banking --- Non-governmental organizations --- Credit --- Government business enterprises --- United States
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The analysis and adjustment of government expenditure in less developed countries is discussed. A better balance between supply and demand in the public sector can be achieved by raising budgetary revenues, or by cutting budgetary expenditures, or by some combination of both. The IMF devotes considerable attention to assisting countries to make their tax systems more buoyant, to reduce the disincentive effects of taxation, and to administer their tax systems more effectively. Government expenditure policies are often important elements in programs of external adjustment supported by the IMF.
Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Labor Economics: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Labor --- Expenditure --- Exchange rates --- Real interest rates --- Exports --- Financial services --- International trade --- Labor economics --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking --- Credit --- Capital movements --- United States
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This paper reviews recent experience of African countries in the design and implementation of adjustment programs supported by use of Fund resources.
Economic stabilization --- International Monetary Fund --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Economic policy --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Public enterprises --- Credit --- Current account deficits --- Balance of payments deficits --- Economic sectors --- Prices --- Money --- Balance of payments --- Government business enterprises --- Exports --- Somalia
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Agriculture --- agriculture --- Produit agricole --- Agricultural products --- Politique agricole --- Agricultural policies --- Consommation --- Consumption --- markets --- Exportation --- Exports --- China --- politique agricole --- chine --- CN / China - Chine --- 338.723.0 --- 338.721 --- landbouwbeleid --- china --- Landbouwbeleid: algemeenheden. --- Structuur en evolutie van de landbouwindustrie. --- Agriculture. Chine. --- Landbouw. China. --- agriculture. --- Landbouwbeleid: algemeenheden --- Structuur en evolutie van de landbouwindustrie
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Nuclear nonproliferation. --- Nuclear nonproliferation --- 623.454.8 --- 355.019 --- 341.322 --- 341.67 --- Export of nuclear materials --- Export of nuclear technology --- International control of nuclear energy --- Nonproliferation, Nuclear --- Nuclear energy --- Nuclear exports --- Nuclear proliferation --- Proliferation, Nuclear --- Nuclear arms control --- Nuclear-weapon-free zones --- International control
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